The purpose of the Renewable Energy to Fuels through Utilization of Energy-dense Liquids (REFUEL) program is to develop scalable technologies for conversion of electrical or thermal energy from renewable sources into chemical energy contained in energy dense Carbon-Neutral Liquid Fuels (CNLF) that can be stored, transported, and later converted into hydrogen or electricity to provide power for transportation and distributed energy generation. Because CNLFs can be stored for extended periods of time and then transported to consumers using existing and inexpensive technology for liquid fuel delivery and distribution, they offer a unique opportunity to reduce both the need for energy imports and carbon emissions from the transportation sector. In meeting that need, they also have the potential to enable increased penetration of intermittent renewable energy sources. The success of this program depends on developing technologies in two categories: (1) the synthesis of CNLFs using intermittent renewable energy sources and water and air (N2 and CO2) as the only chemical input streams and (2) the conversion of CNLFs delivered to the end point to another form of energy (e.g. hydrogen or electricity).